Globalization

Motive:

I had been leading Researches away from every confrontation Possibility with the Government. Now I must acknowledge, that I have not done enough for the sake of Freedom and Democracy at Home. Throughout the years, my individual Interests have been harmed, and I see; it is the time to take the actions and help defend the individual rights, national freedom and Cause, through pointing out to the right lines, and encouraging the reform Track.

Special Studies on the Democracy in Syria

Preface:

 Syria is a Country of Diversity and richness in History, natural and humane Resources, and political and cultural Role.

Syria use to be the Country of the earliest humane Civilization. Idealism has been a typical Characteristic of the early Syrians. Ancient Syria was called Sam (which means an upgrade to a Glorious Life. Sam is linguistically a derivation of the Word Sama "Heaven in English", and the "active" of Sam refer to the one who ascend to heaven or tend to. Which reminds us of the Mythology about Jesus Christ, whose Resurrection and Ascend Story represented the Symbolism of Christianity, and didn't shoot far from the Babylonian Idealism).Excavations provide us with documents about the earliest development Stages, whereby the earliest agricultural Settlements appeared. the Neolithic agricultural society consisted (politically) of small Villages ruled by a primitive political Life Style. However, the leading social  Forces were men of  Wisdom and management Skill. In its later development; Syria became the Land of small and fortressed Towns, ruled by Kings, who served as part of the a divine Will. 40000 Years ago, a separation between the lyrics Council and the political Leadership became the Tradition of Ebla and many other ancient Principalities. The King in Ebla was not the absolute decision Maker, he had to consult the lyrics Council and other social and cultural Forces ( in according to the latest Translation of the Archive cuneiformic Plates).

The Phoenician Philosophers learnt from the Greeks, but were influential within the Greek Empire. The Schools of Thought in Antioch, Harran, Apamea etc. Taught the Phoenician Zenon beside Plato and Aristotle.

Throughout the middle Ages, Syria was ruled by a traditional Islamic Caliphate. There was no Democracy under the Caliphs, but tolerance was the Characteristics of the Umawiyates in their relation to the Christians and Jews. The Islamic System implied a centric Consultation System.

The Country since the independence

Under the French Occupation, three major ideological forces had emanated:

a.The communist Party

b. The Islamic brotherhood Org

c.Some national Movements ( including the Ba'ath party)

Modern Syria, was born in 1946, after a 16 Years of French Exploitation, ended with the Declaration of Independence. The contemporarily leading political Force (Ba'ath Party) was founded in 1947 – by Michael Aflaq ,Salah al-din albitar, and Zaki Alarsuzi.

Military Coups became the Traits of the following political Development. 1952 Alshishakli dissolved all political Parties. In 1954 , a military coup against al-shishakli ( who bombarded the Towns of Druses and Alawites). In same Year, the Syrian Communists (led by Khalid Bakdash) became a growing Force on the political Stage. 1955, Shukri Alquwatli became elected. 1958 Syria and Egypt became United and presided by the Egyptian Jamal Abdul Nasser. Nasser Dissolved the Syrian political Parties again, and neutralized the Ba'ath Party also.

The Union led to Exploiting Syria by Egypt, and a rising Discontent prompted a Group of Officers to declare an End to the Union (UAR). 1963, a new Ba'ath Cabinet appointed Amin Alhafez to become a president. A new Coup (1966) against the civilian Party Leadership brought Salah Jadid to Power. Salah Albitar and Michael Aflaq became arrested, while Hafez Alassad  became the Minister of defense.

1967 Israeli Forces marched throughout the Golan Heights, over the Bodies of cascaded Soldiers and destroyed Air force.1970 Hafez AL Assad led a coup overthrowing Nur aldin alatasi and Salah Jadid (Both stayed Life long under Arrest). A Riots broke out after Assad amended the Constitution, which requires the president to be a Muslim, which made him appear to be an Advocate of Atheism. 1973 the Syrian Army revenged and marched over left Israeli Casualties across the Golan Heights, which made Assad the Dominant Power later. He declared the Arabic Strategy "Land for Peace" (1975). Pressured by Islamists, President Assad began to show adherence to Islam. His Effort to build Mosques in the Alawid Villages, was about to emphasize the importance of the commitment to Islam in the internal Stability. Usually, he joint the Friday Prayer in the Umawiid Mosque. The Revolution led by the Islamic Brotherhood Organization (1980/1982) was the hardiest internal political battle, in which Hafez Alassad was injured, but prevailed little later. In according to some not quietly trusted Resources; Assad offered the Leaders of the Islamic Brotherhood Organization Seats in the parliament, and the freedom to hold own Offices, but they refused, and became killed in the Hama Battle later. Mr. Assad has been considered as the Founder of the present syrian Peoples parliament ( parliamentary Tradition goes back to 1919 ) appeared since, but the Rules of the invented Parliament are still subjected to the Ideology of the Ba'ath Party, on which I am going to Focus in Brief, after analyzing the era of his Son and Successor Bashar Alassad.

In June 2000, Assad died ( I witnessed the Event in the Military Prison of Palmyra, where Prisoners were hoping that an Amnesty will be released soon by the appointed Son). In November 2000 Bashar ordered an Amnesty for some political Prisoners, and another Release of 100 political dissidents he ordered 2001.

In 2001, the forbidden Muslim Brotherhood Org Announced the resumption of political Activity (from Exile). Their Effort to open Dialog with Bashar Alassad has been unwelcome (In according to their Observer Albyanuni), and the special article 49 ( death penalty for the Party members) is still practiced also.

The Era of Bashar Al Assad, and the Background

To fit the Post of his Father, Mr.Bashar Alassad was graded up (by the military Leadership) from a small officer to a  the highest Army commander (almost 5 Grades). He became also the secretary general of the Ba'ath Party.  Later the elected Mr. President (after a constitutional Amendment was made also.

International gates were open to the newly elected President. He went to Britain, France, Spain, Germany ,and visited the Gulf States. Snuggling was the reception.

A dramatic Hope for a Break with past Authoritarianism blew the smiles in the Faces. The mentioned Release of political Prisoners, and the rise of private Sector (including private Banks) after 40 Years of Industrial Nationalization were a sign of  a positive Turn (from western point of View). Mr. Assad responded to the new economic Challenges with economic Reforms, putting an End to the restrictive Fiscal Policy ( the Investment Law 6 & 10, and the Amendments in 2007/8).

After the Invasion of Iraq (2003), the American called for economic Sanctions against the Syrian Government, accusing the System of  developing illicit chemical Weapons, and helping Terrorists sneak over the Border to Iraq. The Israeli reaction was an Air Force Attack against a training Camp near Damascus (2003). In 2004, the US imposed economic Sanctions on Syria, after several Warnings. The Sanctions caused a lot of Harm to the economic Reform Track. The Threat pull the free Economies usually out of Competition. To survive, the boycotted Governments prefer a planned economic System.

Anyway; Economic Reforms, without relevant political Reforms, lead to a schizophrenia in the State Entity. The emanating Private Sectors demand a privatization of politics. In other Words: Liberalization of Economics needs Liberalization of Politics, for the rising capitalism needs a protection. It can never be shielded by socialist Parties holding seizure of the Whole Parliament.

How did the Ba'ath Trajectory lead to such a divorcing split between Economic and Politics?

Michael Aflaq ( the Founder), wrote in his Doctrine ( for the Sake of Ba'athism. First Book, Chapter three): The Party in the  developed Countries is either about forming a government, or emerge to reform an already existing Government. He adds: at the Emergence of the Party , the error is not supposed to be in the People, but in the Government. This was the Reason why they formed the Party to be a revolutionary coup. Aflaq: the Coup is a Struggle, and the Struggle is a self-overcoming. In this context, we see Mr. Aflaq getting close to idealistic Epopees, specially when he (In contrast to the Marxists, who see in socialism a final development anticipated by a reactionary and condemned capitalistic Class Struggle) call for restoring Links to the Nation Past Arabism.

He proceeds: what we need is to treat the Nation before treating the State! On the other Hand, Ba'athism is considered as a People Demand, and a Revolution against reactionary Governments.

To solve the mentioned Dispute , between unBa'athed Culture with lack for a coup, and a Ba'ath being a cultural Demand? The solution to that Dispute we find in his definition of Coup as the way of self-overcoming. Ba'athists mostly believe; that the Coup is cultural, and not military. But Aflaq clear out the Ambiguity in which he says: our spirit is rooted in our Past, Dignity and Freedom. We can't restore Ties to that Glory without a bloody ascend. So the Ascend is bloody, but the work Program is a cultural resurrection (not necessarily bloody). From the Introduction we understand, that Aflaq Plan was to mobilize the local Culture and resurrect the nature of the Society, in order to make it ready for living a real freedom and Democracy (like all other Nations).

I have read Aflaq carefully. At the End, I found out; that the contradictions in his Speech due sometimes to contextual Differences.

Now, after almost 60 Years of Ba'ath Rule, the Party stand before some very challenging Questions:

1. Either the Party has already achieved the striven Coup (which means that the Time has come, to let the Putschists or resurrected live a state of western Democracy), or-

2. The Party is still unable to resurrect yet, (such an experimentally proven failure increase the demand and Pressure of  letting some other Ideologies in).

The Fact is; The Syrian Society has developed throughout the past six Decades. The Syrian Physicians and engineers live in Europe, and prove a great Integratablity in the western Society. The Syrian Communities have been very participative in the development of south American Democracies . Many rule and lead politically in the most democratic Society. Even in the United States, Syrians and Lebanese are strongly present in the US Politics, Congress and Elections. On the other Hand; Democracy has been implemented in some less developed States like Mauritania, who is traditionally Islamic and more Conservative than other Arabic Societies. In some other multi-racial Countries and States of religious Minorities like Egypt, the Process of Democratization has been doing much more better than it is the Case in Syria.

Why was it easy to make economic Reforms, changing the core principle of socialist Ideology and even Marxist production philosophy, but don't dare to make political Reforms yet?. In the tenth Party Conference, a political Multiplicity proposal  was discussed, and the president promised on some occasions, that the proposal is being studied seriously.

The Syrian Democracy Suffer of the following agents:

1.The Statute insist; that the Ba'ath Party is and must be the Leader of the State and Society ( No matter how the political Development looks like !)

2.There is no Election Battles, but a referendum on the presidency of One Candidated and Nominated President.

3. Bad Polls Ceremony in the presidential Elections. Each may vote several times in several Places.

4.The Parliamentary Elections are badly organized and performed. The Ba'ath Party still predominating the Elections, due to concessions and Priority guaranteed by Statute

The Governmental Coalition ( so called national patriotic front)

The Ba'ath Party

Arab Socialist Movement

Arabic democratic unionist party

Democratic socialist Unionist Party

the Syrian nationalists

Social Democratic Unionists

socialist Unioists

Syrian Communist Party(khalid Bakdash)

Syrian Communist Party(yusef faisal fraction)

Naional Vow Movement

Final Anatomy of the Ba'ath Rule theory:

To fairly analyze and judge the ba'ath theory (philosophically), one should pay attention to the following considerations:

              I.The Claim; that the people are or were not ripe enough (at the time of the Ba'ath Genesis) sounds little intimidating (if not insulting at least). The Syrian Society was (at the Time of the Ba'ath Foundation) more developed than many democratic Countries like Mauritania at its contemporary Development Stage.

The Claim; that religious and racial Diversity (based on an extreme world View) makes it uneasy for the process of democratization, might be somehow true.

But no one had measured the thickness or sharpness of Extremism at that time. No way to do that without the possible experimental Fields anyway ( which would require a democratic instrumentalization again).

II. Suppose;  an independence of racial or religious Groups is not

possible , due to Disperse, Overlaps, Volatilibility or what ever. In such a case the ethnic or religious Groups will have to choose  either between agreeing to a solution , or an endless  break out will be the natural turn. A case of a middle position between both Tendencies is being Alive in the neighboring Lebanon.( although Lebanon has achieved better health improvement than many other stable Authoritarian States).

A Case of  an Oppressive Government or dictatorship never produces perpetuated Peace for the future of Society (for the repressed  Will, Grows stronger, and get released sooner or later ). Example: The whole Misery storming the Streets of Baghdad today.

III. Suppose; the suppressive Government is being

scientifically justified ( which can practically never be a scientific Case at all)- who will be on the Top of such a Government? Rather can we justify ( ethically or scientifically) such a Rule?  How can the claimed Will  of a suppressed cultural Change be " psychologically" perceived or experimented? Military Coups has been the satisfying Answer to that Question "unfortunately".

IV. The Ba'ath has been powerful since 6 Decades. How does it

look like today (after that long struggle)? If failed to restitute the nature of the aimed Ba'ath Society, one would say; let us then try some other Fashions.

If Succeeded, one would say; it is now the time to live a real and open Democracy like all other developed democratic Countries, so that People determine their destiny further.

V. Why could not we (from the very beginning) use the Suppressive state

power against those who refuse Democracy or show disrespect to the Rights of Individuals, (instead of using the suppressive power for the sake of imposing some specific Ideas determined by few Theorists?). Simple example is Turkey.

The claim that the Arabic Society has not been ripe enough to live a state of democracy sounds racistic, and has been historically not used to serve the general good, but to fit some private Interests like the Case of Saddam Hussein and his defeated Strategy. A Bunch of Arabic Kings have been living and fed by the mentioned Propaganda since their Countries independence. They don't look interested about changing the state of a culture, that has been their Rule Cause. In an interview with Emir Faisal about the Democracy in the Arabic World (2004), the Emir affirmed; that the Arabic World is not the right Place for Democracy. (An attempt to justify the Massacres- the ruling Saudi Family committed, throughout the power Struggle.

VI. The Oppression has not been practiced on behalf of the cultural  Change, but served keeping the Culture Stagnated, defiled or

disgraced. Example: I am a writer, whose Writings flow on behalf of defending Democracy and Liberalism. But my  Books be embarrassed at Printing, Publishing and selling. The Ministry gives a permission to publish, but secret agents trace the Books throwing Troubles in every publishing Step.  Modern Technology has been offered even by some western States, making it possible even to control the activity of the Writers and intellectuals. It can be inserted or planted by Dentists or other Bio-spy experts to control and combat people with different Thought . A Euro Friend (names Austria) support and praise such a cooperative Syrian Security Legacy.

In according to some Experts; to reduce the credibility of some one's work, it is enough to lead an investigation about who support or prove links to the writer. Whether is he violating the intellectual Property rights or not ! whether is it possible to postpone the publishing Date, in order to perform some abasing Stratagems etc. The Writer in the Arabic World is the most condemned Person, unless he comply with the Lines. He is a loser when writes, a criminal when it comes to political Responsibility, a sick person when it comes to Dignity or other Arabic Values. Right now, while I am setting in an internet café to write this Text, a funny Indo- Syrian boy is trying to take pictures from behind the scene, to know what is the text about!!!!

Pessimistic empirical Data have been growing to the extent of falsifying the Rule Theory. Making of a merely formal idealism, running outside the Horizon of empiric Realities.

The Party is Revolutionary and contain a great amount of tendency toward greater Evolution, But the Instruments have been completely wrong. Instead of adopting an idealistic Dictatorship, it was possible to impose a liberal Dictatorship, Using Force to protect the Rights of the individuals and defend the principle of Democracy.

An Important Note

The mentioned Criticism of the party relates to the Rule Theory of the Ba'ath only. About the  Party Program, one should adhere to the principles of political Freedom, whereby each has the right to follow his own Ideas and life Lines. Hereby I offer no comments on the Program of the Party. So far the Party is philosophically and politically legitimate, if ( and only if) the Ba'ath Ideologues give up the rule theory, getting rid of  the authoritarian Coup Thought and the claim to be the only leading Force of the State and Society ( The article 8 of the Statute). Hitherto; It is ( philosophically) an internationally endorsed right of every Party to operate politically, leading a political Campaign in free and fair Elections. That is the reason why we support the Ba'ath Participation in the Iraqi Elections. But the Ba'ath should ( in exchange to) accept Same right for the others. Otherwise, there is neither a political Philosophy, nor enlightenmental  Ideologies, which would acknowledge its Legitimacy. From the mentioned we may with a great certainty and philosophical censuses proceed considering the Ba'ath fundamental and general  goals as an ordinary Program ( excluding " philosophically" the Ba'ath rule Theory, on which no other Party would agree in fact)

I base this explanation on the international political Philosophy, in according to which the United nations was found to snuggle and comprise the entire Earth nations.

The Syrian Oppositions

Legal opposition Parties are not seen or heard inside Syria. In the last presidential Elections, a Stream called the national democratic Rally ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Rally_%28Syria%29 )  ( see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_Syria ) boycotted the election demanding multiple Candidature and Nomination.

The Rally consist of 5 parties : 1. the Arabic socialist democrats  led y hassan abdulazim, the communist party led by riad alturk, the democratic Ba'ath party led by Ibrahim Machus, the revolutionary Arabic labor party led by Ilias Morkus and his Follower Tarek Hassan, the arabic socialist Movement led by adul ghani Aiyash ( see also http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/55F35A51-1A19-467C-BC23-139F71E52A61.htm ).

The president of the liberal democratic Rally MR. allabuani has been sentenced to 12 years imprisonment. On his US Trip he met some Administration Members and hitherto became accused of trying to encourage actions against his own Country. A similar fate had his Way Partner Mr.Abdul azziz alkhair to face some years ago

There are also opposing individuals, who express their opposition through electoral participation. We have also some members of Damascus Declaration, like Michael Kilo, riad Saif , Mdm Raja (the head of the Declaration), Aiman Albunni etc. The Mentioned Oppositionists are all under political Arrest. There are also some Syrian human Rights Activists and parliamentarians, who have become very familiar for the traditional Syrian political Prisons, where political Dialog is a matter of Torture and intimidation. Exile Oppositions (http://www.thefreesyria.org/f-s-1/parid-1502.htm ):

1.The forbidden Muslim Brotherhood Organization. This Organization ( www.iid-alraid.com )  ( see also http://www.jimsyr.com/ ) has been condemned by all other political Streams, for it has adopted a program of Assassinating Civilians in the eighties. Now the Party claims to have made Reforms. One of its Leaders ( Issam Alattar), who lives in Germany, appears on Alhiwar TV to affirm his adherence to Freedom and Democracy, showing a modest Nose. Incredible are their Orations, due to ideological Contradictions and Confusion. The Party is either an Islamic Party with commitment to Koran ( which makes it undemocratic Movement), or the Party became heretic, and doesn't relate to the Ideology "Muslim Brotherhood Organization" anymore.

The Fact is; that the party remains complying with Koran much more than before. Compared to some other Movements and Islamic parties like Hezbollah, the Party lacks for so much reforms, before becoming worthy of becoming integrated within a democratic System. Their more moderate Brothers (of the Egyptian Islamic Brotherhood Org) enter the election Campaign with Stocks, Knives and Swords. They throw Stones and shout at every passing Woman (if Scarfless or Veilless).

The Islamic Brotherhood party Program:

Implementation of Koran Rules, and a restitution of the Caliphate Glory.

2. Rafat Assad , the Brother of Hafez Assad and owner of the "AnnTV " (http://www.anntv.tv/) . The man had a great authoritarian Past, but claims to have turned into a national liberal, leading the united national Rally a head toward Freedom and Democracy.

3. The Syrian Democrats (the United States).  They call for democratization and reject the Iraqi muster of foreign intervention (http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2005/08/17/15970.html ) (http://www.alarabiya.net/english/ ).

4. The former Vice President Abdulhalim Khaddam, (http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0602/0602_6.htm )who built a Coalition consisted of some Kurdish groups, the Islamic Brotherhood Organization and other Opposition Allies.

5. the Syrian communist party  (http://www.damascus-online.com/Arabic/se-a/politic/communist_party.htm )

6. Salah Jadid (http://www.asharqalarabi.org.uk/center/rijal-salah.htm )

7. the democratic Rally (http://www.mafhoum.com/press2/77taj.htm )

8. the Nasirists (http://www.thisissyria.net/2002/06/18/syria&lebanon.html )

9. the public and secret Syrian Opposition (http://www.mafhoum.com/press2/79P51.htm )

10. the Syrian human rights Commissions  (http://www.aohrs.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=623 )

(  http://www.ljan.de/ )

11. the kurdish Party of modernity and democracy ( http://www.hadatha4syria.com/ )

As you see, the Syrian democratic Movements are sick and some how sickening also. To improve the situation and make the wheel run well and in the right direction, a political multiplicity Law needs to be forced immediately. The Country has been suffering economically and politically, because of some blackmailed oppositions o the one Hand, stumble  Government on the other. No wonder. A Party without competition can not develop or grow well.

Analysis of the Bashar presidential Era

Zooming in, we see an obvious difference between the early Years of Bashar political method, and his lately Trapped political Career. He had been doing better until 2003 ( the Invasion of Iraq preceded by the western Terror Classification).

http://www.shabablek.com/vb/showthread.php?t=8235

http://www.mafhoum.com/syr/articles_01/reddawi/reddawi.htm

Investment Law Nr 10  http://www.arabinvestmap.com/Investment_Laws/en/syria/syria_en.htm

General View about regulation http://www.dcc-sy.com/dcc04/en_index.php?Lang=en&Page=en_investment.htm

The Syrian Investment Board http://www.investinsyria.org/page.php  

A dramatic political slap we are witnessing since 2005 (the Assassination of Alhariri, and the Claim that Syria is behind the Assassinations in Lebanon).

The economic development that flourished in terms of increased Salaries and Wages, privatization and greater internationalization, has turned its back to the politics since 2005. We still have almost 5.5% economic Growth, but 5% population Growth also, which means a growth Stagnation. The Country is likely to play old Melodies again. Buys Weapons from Russia, in exchange for political protection( on the Security Council Level), and stick to Iran and Shanghai Slum.

The western relation to the pressured States adopt the classical tactic of the so called "Stock and carrot policy". This Method functions well as a show, but when it comes to Using the Stock, the Targeted State doesn't catch at Carrots of course.

Proposals

1.To Push the Reforms forward, Europe and the United States should encourage the Reforms through opening Dialog and stretching Bridges, instead of enlisting the Country on the Map of Evil Axis, and trying to make secret deals.
2.The western World should support the integration of liberal and democratic Organizations.
3. The Country should allow political diversity, and exclude undemocratic Ideologies (like the MBO) from participation . It is the nature of every scientific and natural System to resist every inadaptable or contradictory Web. Hitherto, Immunity is needed to keep the proposed liberal democratic System in Tact.
4. Declaring an End to a State of Emergency, that has been colonizing People Life almost since the independence. Courts, private and national Sectors have been suffering heavily of unlimited authoritarian interventions. Security has been destroyed in the name of Security, and individual rather general Interests have been harmed in the Name of protecting

5.Amendment of the Article 8 of the statute, would give the Syrian Democracy a further invigoration shot

Strange:

Daemoned by Terror Threat, The madly driven western world keeps isolating the Country and offering a safe Haven to Fundamentalists like the Islamic Brotherhood Organization, and other totalitarians.

Join Syrian Forum

send a complain to the syrian Parliament

Note: The exile Oppositions as published in the Wikipedia (a Distrusted Resource):

Clandestine parties operating in Syria or from exile include:

Syrian Democratic People's Party

Arab Socialist Democratic Ba'ath Party

Muslim Brotherhood (widely believed to be the largest opposition group)

Reform Party of Syria

Anti-globalization Activists in Syria

United Islamic Front

Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria

Kurdish Popular Union Party in Syria

United Kurdish Democratic Party in Syria

Kurdish Freedom Party

Kurdish Future Movement in Syria

Syrian Republican Party

Assyrian Democratic Party

Assyrian Movement

Assyrian Democratic Organization

Arab Communist Party

Democratic Arab Socialist Union

Movement of the Freedom and the National Solidarity in Syria

Islamic Liberation Movement

Party of Modernity and Democracy for Syria

National Salvation Front in Syria

Syrian Democratic Current

Democratic National Liberation League of Syria

Liberal Democratic Union

National Democratic Front

 

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23 April 2008
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Instead of stepping forward toward greater political Participation and Harmony between Ruler and Ruled, we hear of some disgusting Events inside the Presidential Palace, putting our Economic and political Stability on a poker table. The Smells tell of a Dispute and Splits inside the Syrian Administration Team, accusing the President's Brother-in-law ( Assif Shawkat) of a Coup Attempt.

The coup d'état Story seems to relate to the Assassination of Mr. Ismail Mughniyah
(The Hezbollah Fighter). Some left Western Resources give us an account of previous History, accusing Shawkat of coordinating assassinations revealed by the White House Intelligence Officials. The Historic Archive says;
Assef Shawkat, murdered, Mr. Elie Hobeika in 01-24-02, Rafic Hariri on Feb-14th 2005, and a few others..., on direct orders from the White House and Tel Aviv before.
So the accusation of US-backed coup ( concerning the Case of Haniyah) is supported by a ( possibly) long record.
Anyway; intelligence Heads across the World do Assassinate. The CIA, the MOUSSAD, the KGB, The MI6 etc. operate outside the Law when national Security be at a Threat. But they don't leave Fingerprints behind them when they act.
Many Syrians believe; that the Story must have been an organized western Trap. Others go behind the Story to seek some relation to the Hariri Assassination.
French Officials deny the claim that Bushra Al-Assad sought refuge in France.
Syrians feel very concerned about the Story, and wish a Transparent official position to the resonant Claims here and there.